Introduction to Cybersecurity: Basic Concepts

What is Cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity is the set of technologies, processes, and practices designed to safeguard computers, networks, programs, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, or damage.

Core Concepts

• Confidentiality – Ensuring that sensitive information is accessible only to those authorized to see it.
• Integrity – Protecting data from being altered or tampered with.
• Availability – Ensuring that systems and data are accessible whenever needed.
  (Together, these form the CIA Triad – the foundation of cybersecurity.)

Common Threats

• Malware – Software designed to harm or exploit systems (e.g., viruses, ransomware).
• Phishing – Fraudulent emails or messages that trick users into giving away information.
• Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks – Overloading a system to make it unavailable.
• Insider Threats – Risks that come from people within an organization.

Security Measures

• Firewalls & Antivirus – Block and detect malicious activities.
• Encryption – Protects data by converting it into unreadable code.
• Authentication – Verifying user identity (passwords, biometrics, multi-factor authentication).
• Regular Updates – Keeping systems patched to close security holes.

Why It Matters

• Protects personal privacy
• Safeguards financial transactions
• Prevents identity theft
• Maintains business continuity
• Builds trust in technology

In short, cybersecurity is about protecting people, data, and technology from harm.